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The wood engravers who set the tone for Victorian illustration

Dr Bethan Stevens has made the skill and artistry of the Dalziel Brothers’ wood engraving available to wider audiences through online exhibitions and websites, and through educational events and workshops.

An illustration to Orley Farm by Anthony Trollope

A picture from the cover of a Charles Dickens novel

Advertisements for Crosse and Blackwell’s pickles

Dalziel’s Apprentice by Peter S Smith, relief engraving, 140 x 90 mm. Image courtesy of the artist.

A Dalziel Project workshop with visual artists at the British Museum department of print and drawings.

Setting the tone for Victorian illustration

From the illustrations for Lewis Carroll’s Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland, to pictorial adverts for Cadbury’s cocoa, to industrial designs for carpentry, the work of the Dalziel Brothers pervaded all aspects of Victorian life and culture.

The skills of the wood engravers, who translated artists’ drawings into woodblock prints, were in high demand as the 19th century saw a publishing explosion in books and journals.

The British Museum houses the Dalziel Brothers’ own engravers’ proofs of their work, some 54,000 hand-burnished prints of illustrations collected in 49 albums. These have been the focus of a research project by a ��ɫ Lecturer in English.

has catalogued the entire archive of illustrations, created a website, curated an online exhibition and is in the process of writing a monograph about the engravers in order to give new audiences an opportunity to explore and enjoy the Dalziels’ craft.

“The variety is fascinating,” says Dr Stevens. “There are plates for works by Trollope and Dickens, and engravings designed for Rossetti’s poetry, but there are also labels for jars of Crosse & Blackwell’s pickled onions.

Dr Bethan Stevens. Picture credit: Anthony Lucas / The Saturday Club Trust

“The Dalziels’ distinctive prints really set the tone for Victorian illustration, when we saw a burgeoning of visual culture that still resonates today – our immersion in new visual media owes a lot to the technical and cultural developments of Victorian printmaking.

“The Dalziel Brothers had an enormous role in producing that visuality – and likewise, in how we perceive the 19^th century today. As a digital record, this project is invaluable to researchers and historians in art, culture, the sciences – and for anyone interested in the skill of wood engraving.”

The Dalziels' distinctive prints really set the tone for Victorian illustration, when we saw a burgeoning of visual culture that still resonates today.” Dr Bethan Stevens
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Inexpensive nineteenth century printmaking technique

George Dalziel and his brother Edward, who began their company in 1839, used the latest medium: wood engraving. This was a newly redeveloped printmaking technique that was sophisticated but inexpensive; engraving on the endgrain of a hard wood gave intricate detail, but was cheaper than copper or steel engraving, and therefore suitable for mass production.

Two other brothers, John and Thomas, and a sister, Margaret, later joined the business, which thrived for fifty years - with 26 or more engravers employed by the company.

Often they were creating engravings from the designs of celebrated illustrators of the day, such as and ; these were artistic collaborations, although the engravers invariably received little credit for their role in it.

“It was a specialist skill and it took years to become expert in it,” says Dr Stevens. “The preliminary drawing is made on a woodblock and the engraver cuts around the lines to realise them. But wood-engraved lines are very different from those in pen or pencil: colour, texture and depth all change.

“The wood engraver’s skill was in interpreting the design into a new medium, even as the drawing was destroyed in the process of creating the print.”

Despite surviving many cultural and technological changes of the 19th century, by 1893 the Dalziels were put out of business by “new technologies” involving photomechanical printmaking.

Bringing Dalziel illustrations to the wider public

Now an archive of Dalziel illustrations is available for the first time, on the . Prior to the project no photographs of the archive’s 54,000 hand-burnished prints of Dalziel illustrations were available. Stevens worked with photographers at Sylph Editions to photograph every album page, resulting in almost 14,000 images.

Dr Stevens wrote extended catalogue descriptions for each of the archive’s 49 albums, which each contain up to 1700 prints. The catalogue summarises key material in each album, attributing many thousands of illustrations to specific designers and artists, writers, historical themes and publications, allowing online users to identify albums which will interest them.

Graphic showing the number of wood engravings created by the Dalziel Brothers. There are 54,000 illustrations captured in 14,000 photographs and 49 albums with catalogue descriptions. These are all available on the British Museum's online collection which attracts 1.3 million page views per month.

Dalziel illustrations available online (text version)

Dalziel Brothers Wood Engravers

54,000 illustrations captured in 14,000 photographs and 49 albums with catalogue descriptions.

Available on the British Museum's online collection, which has 1.3 million page views per month.

Dalziel, illustration for 'Wood Engraving', in Laura Valentine (ed.), The Home Book of Pleasure and Instruction (London: Frederick Warne, 1867). Dalziel Archive Vol. XXIII (1867), British Museum reg. no. 1913,0415.184, print nos. 609 & 611. By Permission of the Trustees of The British Museum. All rights reserved © Sylph Editions, 2016.

Together with curatorial assistant George Mind, they also created a website, Woodpeckings (woodpeckers being Victorian slang for wood engravers), which incorporates information about the history of the company. The website houses an online exhibition, ‘Alice to Alice: Dalziel 1865-1871’, which highlights some of the 12,855 engravings made by the Dalziel Brothers between the dates of the first publications of Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland and Alice Through the Looking Glass. It includes not just those iconic images from the Alice books, but also some of the more extraordinary works in the archive, such as veterinary images of calf fetuses and bizarre and humorous cartoons, gathered together in ten themed sections.

Inspiring arts students and artists

Stevens and Mind have initiated several events with young people, including two projects with 110 students taking the Extended Diploma in Art and Design at the University of the Creative Arts in Rochester, Kent. During the two-week courses the 16 to 18- year-old students were encouraged to create their own response to the content of the albums.

“The range of materials and approaches the students took showed incredible skill, imagination and sophistication,” says Dr Stevens.

“Some of the students were particularly inspired by the wood-engraving medium, producing their own wood cuts and mono prints; some interpreted wood engraved lines into embroidery; some considered conceptual tensions between actual time and fantasy time; some compared the socio-political moment of the Dalziels to our own; and some responses were performative, bringing the Dalziel Brothers’ wood engravings to life.”

The project has also developed a collaboration with ten professional wood engravers to compare Victorian and contemporary practice. Some of these have made new works that respond to the Dalziel Archive. For example, Peter Smith’s Dalziel’s Apprentice, pictured below, reinterprets some of the apparently simple backgrounds of the illustrations to explore the kind of laborious but fascinating artistic work that was done by trainee engravers. Dalziel’s Apprentice has been widely exhibited in 2018, for instance at the London Original Print Fair (Royal Academy of Arts) and RE Originals (Royal Society of Painter-Printmakers, Bankside Gallery).

Dalziel’s Apprentice by Peter S Smith, relief engraving, 140 x 90 mm. Image courtesy of the artist.

Dr Stevens will also be curating a gallery display in the Prints and Drawings Department of the British Museum in spring 2019, and is writing a monograph The Wood Engravers’ Self Portrait: The Dalziel Family 1839-1893.

The project has been funded with a grant from the Arts and Humanities Research Council, with support from project partners the British Museum and Sylph Editions.

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